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Chomsky’s Who Rules the World?: the bottom line

World and US politics are complex these days, and Noam Chomsky has one big question to ask: Who Rules the World? Warning: Chomsky’s answers are provocative and sometimes complex, which makes the book a one-of-a-kind controversial piece on U.S. foreign policy. Having said that, if you are into current global politics (with an emphasis on United States foreign policy), Who Rules the World? could be interesting to you.

I didn’t enjoy reading the book at all, to be honest. The style was too much for me and I’ve found the content really redundant.

Still, my goal isn’t to make you read books because I like them but because they bring something to the debate, so here we go. Who Rules the World? is polemical and wasn’t written to my taste. But the book has the merit to show one side of the discussions we don’t hear about that much: the extremes. Read my book review to find out more.

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Book Review: Who Rules the World? – Noam Chomsky.

Who Rules the World? by Noam Chomsky is a book worth reading if you are into contemporary and current global politics, with an emphasis on United States foreign policy. Reading the book may prove complex at times, but Noam Chomsky is known for his very strict positions on the matter. He is thus a voice that needs hearing, whether we agree with him or not.

I never thought about reading Noam Chomsky’s Who Rules The World? book before I bumped into it. I was told that the author was a brilliant intellectual. But I also knew about his controversial reputation so I never tried my luck with him.

Someday I spent a couple of hours at one of my friends’ place and saw the book. Forgotten in a corner of the room under a pile of newspapers. I asked his opinion about it, but he answered that he had barely started it. He had bought the book for his girlfriend who didn’t get hooked into it, and he ended up giving up on it too. So I borrowed it.

They didn’t get into the book and, to be honest, I had a hard time reading it fully. Why? Well, let’s say that the writing and the book’s structure go against my definition of a good and clear argumentation. I’ll explain why in the book review below.

Still, having read it in full… my opinion is that Who Rules the World? is worth knowing about. There is a reason for this: it provides some of the most extreme arguments in the U.S. foreign policy debate. You don’t have to agree, but you should definitely know. Right?

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Chomsky, Who Rules the World? A brief book review (for starters)

Who Rules the World? in its paperback version is a 260-page book. Excluding footnotes, which come on top of that at the end of the book.

Overall, Who Rules the World? is one of those books that contribute to the past and present literature (and debate in general) by criticizing the existing model in a direct, frontal and abrupt manner.

Obviously, Chomsky is known for his very clear-cut opinions on a variety of United States-related topics (American imperialism, in short), which means that the book provides one openly polemical perspective towards global politics that significantly confronts the liberal School of Thought in which the current society tends to evolve.

The main contribution of the book, therefore, is its ability to question the status quo, to question the established order, and to make readers wonder whether, at the end of the day, something goes wrong in the current system. Some readers will agree with Chomsky, others won’t, that’s for sure. Still, the book contributes to the discussion and provides an aspect of debates that cannot be ignored. It is worth looking at for this very reason.

In sum, Who Rules the World? is relevant to those interested in getting the big picture on international politics. It is even more relevant to those interested in having (very) critical insights on United States foreign policy.

The book discusses …

… what Noam Chomsky calls “outrages”. That is, international events and policies that took place over the past decades… with an emphasis on United States manipulations. Needless to say that Noam Chomsky is known for his very strict positions on the matter…

The style …

… is the major weakness of the book. Some commentators have described the book as a compilation of “meticulously researched chapters”. Others noted that Chomsky’s books “are written in a clear, direct and highly accessible style”.

In my opinion, though, accessibility and clarity are not obvious here. And my Ph.D. got me into reading quite a pile of political books… In fact, the way the argument is constructed makes it very repetitive and hard to follow. It is sometimes difficult to see where the author is going and to understand what point he is trying to make. In some chapters starting with the last paragraphs can even prove helpful in getting the whole idea of what the author is talking about…

About Chomsky?

Noam Chomsky is a Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). An expert in linguistics, he has written on a wide range of topics including war, media and politics. And the press describes him as “the world’s greatest public intellectual”.

As already mentioned, Chomsky is known for his extreme political and ideological positions. He is a media critic, a political opponent to what he describes – since the Vietnam war – American imperialism. For a famous online encyclopedia, finally… Chomsky “remains a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy, neoliberalism and contemporary state capitalism, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and mainstream news media”.

Now, I’m getting into the details with a much more comprehensive book review below (keep reading!), but to finish the brief overview here is what the book is about:

 

So, Who Rules the World? The comprehensive book review.

Now, let’s dig into Chomsky’s ideas. Who Rules the World? is divided into 23 chapters but one is forced to note that the book does not discuss twenty-three topics. Far from that!

In fact, the author mainly deals with several major issues which tend to be redundant throughout the book (the influence and the fall of the United States, the Israel – Palestine conflict, terrorism, the corruption of modern societies by corporate interests, etc.).

Chomsky discusses the responsibility of intellectuals and condemns their failure to stand for change. He discusses terrorism and pictures the United States as … the main terrorist state in yesterday’s and today’s world. And he condemns the corruption of democratic systems by financialization.

Mostly, however, Chomsky comments on the decline of the United States. He takes a very critical stand against the US, Israel and Palestine triangle. And he considers the many challenges ahead!

A major theme throughout, finally, fits in a single word: outrages.

The book in bullet points

Noam Chomsky explores these major themes:

• The responsibility of intellectuals
• Terrorism / the United States as a terrorist state
• The corruption of democratic systems by financialization
• The decline of the United States
• The US, Israel and Palestine triangle
• Challenges ahead
• Outrages

He also asks a series of questions throughout the book:

• What is the influence of intellectuals towards ruling the world? Can they contribute to changing it?
• Is terrorism only a matter of terrorism as we all know it?
• What is the role of the United States and torture towards creating more terrorism?
• Is the United States a terrorist state?
• Can we talk about an American Decline?
• Do the United States have real competitors in terms of global leadership?
• What has been happening with Iran?
• What is the role of the United States in the Palestine conflict?
• Is democracy threatened by corporate interests?
• What are the challenges for our future?
• We have survived, so far, but for how long?
• How have we managed to create the tools for our own destruction?
• Why don’t we see the outrages on which our world is built?
• Who rules the world?

Now, let’s have a look at the main themes! Keep reading below.

Who Rules the World? – Theme #1: Intellectuals.

The first main theme of Noam Chomsky’s Who Rules the World? book deals with the role and influence of intellectuals. In yesterday’s, today’s and tomorrow’s worlds.

To Chomsky, the term “intellectuals” describes various types of people. Some intellectuals are “ridiculous eccentrics” described as “value-oriented” people. These can represent a threat to the established order because of their taste for challenging authority. Other intellectuals are ”the principal architects” of government policy. As Chomsky notes (referring to Adam Smith), they are “the masters of mankind”. They want all for themselves and do not govern in the interest of the people.

Big question.

So, Chomsky asks, what is the responsibility of intellectuals?

Does their contribution mainly lay in the realm of morality or do they have practical roles too? Should intellectuals play a role as dissidents capable of advancing causes such as freedom, justice or peace? Should they just move forward? For instance, was Nelson Mandela a visionary or a terrorist? In a related way… were the war on terrorism and invasion of Irak and Afghanistan after 9/11 serving the interests of freedom and peace?

Chomsky’s point here is that we tend to forget that intellectuals have a privilege. Their inputs can guide decision-making processes. But this privilege also creates a responsibility to act for the greater good. In reality, however, things do not work this way. Those who defend values over conformism tend to be ignored at best, “punished” or classified as terrorists at worst.

Who Rules the World? – Theme #2:  Terrorism.

The second main topic in Noam Chomsky’s Who Rules the World? is terrorism. This is a very big theme in the book. Yet, while terrorism is precisely the topic of chapter 2, it is also an underlying topic that the author discusses redundantly throughout.

Chomsky deals with terrorism from two distinct perspectives.

First, he talks about terrorists and the development of terrorism as we all know it. This includes, for instance, discussing the thin line separating political dissidence from terrorism. This also includes discussing the increase in terrorism and radicalization threats which flow from current global politics.

Terrorism is a big topic in the book, but democratic terrorism is an even bigger topic and Chomsky can’t stop writting about it.

Chomsky also denounces the tendency of democratic countries to become terrorist states. Especially in the United States. He talks about a competition amongst terrorists. Understand, between terrorists and democratic states acting as terrorists. He notes that when killings are provoked by the United States “the world” seems to tolerate them. And he concludes that, here, “the world” increasingly becomes an excuse to legitimize actions of all sorts, including killings considered as necessities or accidents alike.

He also asks whether those countries are different from terrorists and concludes that while the notion of killing differs depending on the killer, all these remain “murders” whatever the reasons justifying them.

The terrorism topic is then developed repeatedly in the other chapters.

Torture, terrorist states, and distorted ideals.

Chapter 3 discusses the recourse to torture usually justified by a general “necessity to obtain results” against Al Qaeda. Here, Chomsky questions a general “historical amnesia”, which he describes as “a dangerous phenomenon” hurting moral and intellectual integrity.

Chapter 17 – “The U.S. is a leading terrorist state” – compares CIA black operations to ”terrorist” operations. There, Chomsky asks whether the leader of the free world can go rogue whenever he wants to. Again, he provides a variety of examples. Henry Kissinger’s status of “terrorist commander” attacking Castro. The “terrorist war” launched by Kennedy with to the Bay of Pigs invasion. The ”imperial mentality” that led the United States into a war against Vietnam…

In the same vein, chapter 18 discusses Obama’s historic move on Cuba, following the re-establishment of economic diplomatic relations. After years of “cruel and vindictive policies”. Here, Chomsky emphasizes the historical failure of U.S. policies… aimed at buying human right and democracy in various places, in line with US ideals.

Chomsky also writes that the United States and Israel’s tendency to act as terrorist states creates “a conflict between “what we stand for” and “what we do”. In other words, U.S. foreign policies created a de facto “distortion of the American ideal”. Hence, “reality itself” is very different from what reality should be.

Chomsky finds some irony in this situation. While the United States tries to impose peace through manipulations and violence, it is now ‘regarded as the biggest threat to world peace”. “Fortunately”, he adds, Americans were “spared this insignificant information”.

 

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Outrages.

Chomsky comes back to this in chapter 19 – ‘Terrorism: two ways about it’. There, he writes about the outrage of deciding which attacks or terrorist acts are outrageous.

In this part of the book, Noam Chomsky draws a parallel between two tragic attacks. The attack against Serbian State Television headquarters in 1999 by the NATO. And the terrorist attack on French newspaper Charlie Hebdo in 2015. In the first case, the attack was conducted by the NATO as part of the Yugoslavia war of 1999. It aimed at stopping a civil war encouraged by state television. In the second case, the attack was perpetrated by Islamic terrorists refusing the very idea of freedom of expression.

Whether or not the parallel makes sense will be left to the readers’ discretion. But Chomsky’s argument here is that while the recent Paris attack was perceived as an “outrage”, it is surprising that the Serbia attack was not perceived as such.

Military terrorism.

The idea that military operations amount to terrorism perpetrated by large democratic countries is found in other parts of the book.

Chomsky describes Obama’s recourse to military drones as the “most extreme terrorist campaign of modern times”. And, again, he deplores that “the world” doesn’t see the outrage. So? The United States is the biggest terrorist threat to peace. And the Iranian threat scandal proves it. In chapter 21, Chomsky develops the idea that while Iran’s nuclear program was an important source of regional and international tensions, in reality the threat was never Iran. Why? Because Iran was never in a position to threaten. The threat was… Read Chapter 21.

Who is the greatest danger to world peace?

Chomsky overall asks “who is the gravest danger to world peace?”. His conclusion is simple. The United States is the world’s champion when it comes to regime change. Nothing compares to the United States when it comes to terrorism.

 

 

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Who Rules the World? – Theme #3:  Financialization.

Noam Chomsky’s criticism of the American model is also developed throughout the book with the idea that democratic systems – and particularly the American system – are controlled by private financial interests.

Democracy.

In chapter 4 Chomsky writes about “The invisible Hand of Power”. He welcomes the uprisings in the Middle-East, but denounces a lack of support of the Western world towards “authentic democracy”.

Chomsky questions the impact of capitalistic economic priorities over democracy. He notes that in the West the threats are Iranian (security concerns) and Chinese (military and economic concerns). Hence, business and peace are, somehow, equal drivers for democratic states.

Corporations.

Business interests taking control over policymaking are also treated in chapters 5 and 6. There, Chomsky discusses the “American decline” (see below) in light of “financialization and the offshoring of production”.

He comments on deregulation and corporate governance policies. To him, wealth concentration influences political power, creates a vicious circle detrimental to minorities and public interest. Hence, the banks are responsible for the “shedding [of] the remnant of political democracy”.

The topic is considered again in chapter 23 where Chomsky discusses the “Masters of Mankind”. The expression is attributed to Adam Smith (describing English merchants powerful enough to control the society). But in modern times, Chomsky refers to conglomerates and global financial institutions as well as private financial and corporate interests.

Russia & Cuba.

The topic is re-considered again in Chapter 13. Chomsky uses Panama, El Salvador or Russia as examples. He refers to the creation (imposition) in 1945 of an ”Economic Charter of the Americas”. The Charter aimed at facilitating relations within the American continent. But to him, the said Charter was to eliminate economic nationalism to the benefit of American investors. He refers, also, to a Cold War logic whereby US corporate military interests guided the policy of the US.

The Cuban crisis is also mentioned. Chomsky describes it as a “clear illustration of the general pattern”. In short, Castro represented a bad model for companies. So? Well, Kennedy had to isolate him and used the official excuse of Russian communism. Still, the aim for the United States was to “secure state power from the domestic populations [while] securing concentrated private power”.

Financialization, corruption, and the lost of democracy to corporate interests.

In line with this, Chomsky notes that in Europe democracy is undermined by Brussels and banks. As a result of neoliberalist schools of thought, that is.

He also devotes two succinct lines to free trade agreements, particularly the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). As a reminder, the TPP would have created a trade union between the United States and eleven countries in the Asia-Pacific region. In his words, “one of the investor-rights agreement mislabelled ‘free trade agreements’ is propaganda” that would have been “adopted in good Stalinist style”.

Who Rules the World? – Theme #4:  The US decline.

Considering what I already wrote in this book review, it is no surprise that the decline of the United States is a redundant topic in Who Rules the World?.

This part of the argument is closely linked to the ideas developed in relation to terrorism and private interests. But another conclusion is formulated. The previous themes suggested that the United States is a terrorist state which corrupts democracy for the sake of corporate interests. But there is more. Chomsky argues that the United States has lost its superiority over the world.

He writes that “global power is continuing to diversify, and the U.S. is increasingly unable to impose its will”. He then concludes with a strong statement, i.e. that “while the principles of imperial domination have undergone little change, our capacity to implement them has markedly declined as power has become more broadly distributed”.

Self-triumphalism, self-delusion.

Of course, Chomsky provides a reasoning before coming to this conclusion. Looking at the causes and consequences of the American decline, he for instance notes that American triumphalism after the fall of the Soviet Block was self-delusion. He also insists that decline was “inevitable” after World War II… because of the necessity to reconstruct, because of the various consequences of decolonization… and because of the apparition of a “tripolar” industrial world based on a Europe – US – Asia manufacturing triangle.

No competitors, though.

Worth emphasizing, also, is Chomsky’s argument that the United States will not suffer from a power shift to China or India. To him, such a scenario “is highly dubious” because China and India “are poor countries with severe internal problems”.

Hence, despite ongoing changes, Chomsky finds that the American decline will be limited. In his words, “there is no competitor for global hegemonic power”.

Again, corporations, finance, and social issues.

Chomsky writes that the American decline is largely “self-inflicted”. Politics and policymaking are merely “the shadow cast on society”. But big business interests create a “dark cloud” enveloping the society and the political system. As discussed in the previous main theme, a major source of the decline is “financialization and the offshoring of production”. Not to forget deregulation and corporate governance policies.

Or, said differently, “The post-golden age economy is enacting a nightmare envisaged by the classical economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo [and] in the past thirty years, the ‘masters of mankind’, as Smith called them, have abandoned any sentimental concern for the welfare of their own society”. In sum, Chomsky deplores a wealth concentration influencing political power and creating a vicious circle detrimental to minorities. He points towards the responsibility of banks regarding the “shredding [of] the remnant of political democracy and concludes with the idea that while “global power is continuing to diversify […] the US is increasingly unable to impose its will”.

The decline is also about unemployment and the fall of social systems. As he insists, the “deficit crisis has largely been manufactured as a weapon to destroy hated social programs”. Hence, the health system should develop outside of capitalization.

So, is America over?

The discussion then continues in chapter 6 with a similar question, i.e. “is America Over?” Again, Chomsky describes the United States as the dominating power and characterizes China and India as “very poor countries in with enormous internal problems not faced by the West”. These problems include a difficult demographic landscape which at some point will have a constraining impact on the countries’ ability to base their development on cheap labor.

Chomsky also discusses the impact of climate change “denialism” on the American decline. He explains once again that the latter finds its source in the various decolonization trends and wars that took place over the century. The Indochina crisis, the Vietnam war and other crises that impacted the U.S. in terms of resources and influence. Interested?

Who Rules the World? – Theme #5:  US, Israel, Palestine, Iran…

The relationship between the United States, Israel, Palestine (and Iran) is another redundant theme in ‘Who Rules the World?’. Here, Chomsky questions the association when he discusses the tendency of democratic countries to act as terrorist states. Remember?

A chapter focuses on the Oslo Accords (chapter 9) of September 1993. Clinton, Rabin and Arafat signed a declaration of principle providing a political settlement on the situation. So Chomsky provides a historical summary of the conflict. He describes the declaration as an “optimistic” piece that satisfied Israeli demand while remaining silent on Palestinian right and concludes that the agreement was never “a path to peace”.

Another chapter discusses the Israel – Palestine conflict (chapter 11) and considers the available options. Creation of a single country, impact of the absence of solution on regional stability. Chapter 16 also discusses the issue when looking at “cease-fires in which violations never cease”.

Who Rules the World? – Theme #6:  Forthcoming challenges

Various chapters are also devoted to Chomsky’ analysis of the challenges susceptible of impacting our future.

“The eve of destruction” is the object of chapter 10, where Chomsky deplores that humans are capable to destroy themselves in various ways. Ranging from nuclear weapons to environmental issues… “without really trying”.

Amongst the many challenges, Chomsky points at excessive oil production, at the contribution of the Iranian and North Korean crises to world insecurity, and at the insanity of the Nuclear weapons Era. With the Cold War, the Cuban missile crisis and North Korea (chapter 15), in fact, the nuclear era is a matter of “survival”.

The main question can thus be summarized as follows. We have survived, so far, but for how long? A major conclusion, here, is that whilst Iran was never a nuclear threat, the United States remain the world’s largest danger.

Who Rules the World? – Theme #7:  Outrages

This book review of Who Rules the World? would not be complete without mentioning a final important theme: outrages. All in all, the whole book seems to reflect the idea that the author perceives many developments in yesterday’s and today’s world as outrages and firmly criticizes the lack of position of the international community on a variety of outrageous developments.

Outrages, or the art of accepting the wrong doings of dominating states.

A chapter (14) is fully dedicated to the topic. There, Chomsky takes the example of plane shootings. The shooting of the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 by the Russians (258 kills) created a general outrage… because it was perpetrated by the enemies of the United States. But the shooting of Iran Air flight 655 by a U.S. cruiser under Reagan was not perceived as such… because it was perpetrated by the United States! And, cherry on the cake, the US never denied responsibility. Indeed, the purpose was to defend Saddam Hussein (then an ally) from Iran.

The outrage theme is largely redundant in the book. Various comments criticize the United States – Israel alliance. Chomsky questions the disequilibrium between Israeli forces and the Palestinians. Not to forget the shockingly disproportionate reactions of Israel against Gazans forces. The same goes, also, for the continuous involvement of the US and the lack of reaction of the UN.

Interestingly, Chomsky asks whether U.S. policy on the matter could change. He comes to the conclusion that some elements might improve. Why? Because the public opinion is progressively changing in the United States.

Overall, outrages constitute an underlying topic in Chomsky’s ‘Who Rules the World?’. If not perhaps the main and most important aspect of the book. No surprises here, however, as this is the least one would expect from the author.

The main insights

The author comes to the following conclusions.

• Intellectuals can contribute but in practice dissident ideas are a threat.
• Perception of terrorism is biased.
• The United States and their recourse to torture created more radicalization and terrorism.
• The United States is a terrorist state which has had recourse to terrorist methods from years, from Cuba to modern drones.
• There is an American Decline. It partly derives from corporate pressure.
• The United States has no competitors capable of taking over global leadership. Especially since China and India are poor countries.
• Iran was never a nuclear threat but the US is the world’s greatest danger.
• US foreign policy in support of Israel is responsible for the Palestine crisis.
• Democratic societies are threatened by corporate interests and financialization.
• Corporate interests and a terrorist state most likely rule the world…

Chomsky, Who Rules the World? Food for thought!

Thinkers and activists… often pointed at as terrorists. The tendency of the United States to act in their own interest and in an imperial manner all over the world, from Cuba to Israel. Terrorism… which also has intellectual and governmental dimensions. From a governmental perspective, the United States or Israel using terror, torture and illegal violence to achieve their goals and agendas…

As mentioned before, Noam Chomsky is a political activist known for his clear-cut positions on U.S. imperialism. This means that Who Rules the World? is a deliberately polemical book which goal is to question the established order.

Readers are free to agree or disagree with the author’s conclusions, of course. But when put into a broader context the book brings something.

Despite style-related criticisms, Who Rules the World? is one of those books that contribute to the past and present debate by asking questions in a direct, frontal and abrupt manner. Noam Chomsky talks about a variety of outrages here! The main contribution of the book, therefore, remains its ability to reject the status quo, to question the established order, and to make readers wonder whether, at the end of the day, something goes wrong in the current system.

Actually…

As a matter of fact, the context at the time of drafting this review (Summer 2017) can easily relate to the author’s arguments. Donald Trump was elected as President of the United States in late 2016 with a “make America great again” program. The United States has since then left the table of trade negotiations after leading those for years. So? Chomsky’s ideas on imperialism and the American Decline might find new dimensions.

Also. Chomsky considers India and China as poor countries with internal problems that are therefore incapable of replacing US leadership. Yet, it turns out that Beijing has taken over US leadership on trade matters following the arrival to power of President Trump.

 

>> Related reading: for a more convincing discussion on China, see for instance my review of The China Questions.

 

Financialization is another interesting point here. In the United States, the trend currently goes towards breaking the rules on banking as established under the Dodd Franck regulations. Hence, current trends somehow seem to give credit to Chomsky’s ideas and arguments as to the influence of banks on the system.

The book also provides food for thought on the nuclear side of things. Chomsky discusses nuclear tensions in the Middle East when he asks whether Iran was ever a danger to the world. The situation in Iran has since thes calmed down. But the debate remains more than ever alive with North Korea, which makes the analysis relevant from the perspective of ideas.

So?

All in all, in a context dominated by U.S. politics and global tensions to which the U.S. contribute one way or another, the book provides some relevant, polemical and contextual food for thought that anyone interested in sharpening their mind and thinking on global political and economic issues should try to read.

Some readers will agree with Chomsky, others won’t, that’s for sure. Still, the book contributes to the discussion and provides an aspect of debates. It is worth looking at for this very reason.

Just in case, if you’re interested in U.S. politics, you might also want to take a look at my review of Hillary Rodham Clinton’s book What Happened. The context is very different for sure as that book is about Hillary Clinton’s perspective on the 2016 Presidential Elections, but hey, why not?

In short!

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Your turn now, get the book!

That’s it for now, but don’t stop here! My reading notes are meant to give you a very comprehensive overview of the books I read and some food for thought for the month. That’s why I’ll Make You Think SMART is the Kick-Ass Book Reviews blog after all!

Having said that, the next step for you is to keep digging! Remember, books are a cheap way to learn new things and to benefit from the experience of others at no cost. Not to mention the stories you’ll be able to tell after a good read!

So, if my book review picked your curiosity, you only have one choice: go for it! Get the book and READ IT! Don’t postpone or you simply won’t… Usual disclaimer: yes, this is an Amazon Affiliate link which means I’ll get a percentage of everything you buy on Amazon. That supports my blog, and it won’t cost you a cent! Thank you!

As always, I hope you enjoyed this book review! Please let me know what you think in the comment box down the page. Especially if you read the book, if you feel like buying it, or if you simply enjoyed my review!

Cheers!